The OBD1 system would not specifically detect a shorted wire. Here's a list of OBD1 codes.

 

In my experience the fuel system does not throw a trouble code. Hell even a broken CPI power connector did not throw a code when I ran it on ether.

A code 12 means that your system is functioning normal.

 

Start with the basics. Since you cannot hear the pump start, you should see what power is actually getting back to the pump. If you are not getting full battery voltage and have a good ground to the pump connector and the pump still does not run, then the problem is with the pump.

Did you have to put a new connector on the wiring when you installed the new pump?