Here is instructions about how to adjust your antenna properly using an SWR meter.

__

Setting the SWR of Your Antenna

In order to get the most out of your CB radio you will need a SWR meter.

SWR (standing wave ratio), is a measurement of how efficiently your antenna system will radiate the power available from your radio.
In simple terms, your radio would like to radiate all of its power, but can only do so if the other components cooperate.


Bad coax and mounts, or inefficient antennas and ground plane can cause system bottlenecks. The easiest way to understand the concept is to think of it in terms of water flow. That is, if you put a one inch faucet on a two inch pipe, your potential output will be restricted by the one inch outlet. So goes antenna systems. Setting your antennas SWR will reduce the restriction of radiated power.



If all radios only transmitted on one channel, it would be a much easier task to design antennas. As it is, on CB alone, there are 40 channels to contend with. Mobile antennas can only be made to resonate at one specific frequency (channel). The goal of the antenna manufacturers is to build the antenna to resonate at a frequency in the middle of the available band (channel 19 on CB) and make it broad- banded enough to keep the off-frequency related SWR at the two extreme ends of the band below 2.0:1. It should be noted that if you communicate on one or two adjacent channels anywhere within the band, you can tune your antenna to achieve optimum performance on those channels. Most people, however, prefer to use the entire bandwidth when tuning.



THINGS YOU WILL NEED

1. Knowledge of what not to do .... read previous sections.
2. Properly installed antenna system (mount, coax and antenna) that was made for the type of radio you will be using and has been tested for shorts and opens in continuity. (See "Testing Continuity")
3. Functional radio.
4. SWR meter. (See "SWR Meter Hook-Up")
5. Short piece of coaxial cable (jumper) with PL-259 connectors on both end.

SWR METER HOOK-UP

The SWR of the antenna, without feedline, can be measured by placing the SWR meter in-line at the antenna instead of at the radio. However, the coax can help or hinder performance. In the end, your SWR should be checked at the radio end because all components will be a part of the final operational system being used.
SWR TESTING REMINDERS:

1. Remember to check for continuity, shorts and opens in your coax and mount installation first.
2. Take measurements in an open area with the vehicle's doors and hatches closed.
3. All measurements should be taken with antenna tip on, unless you do not plan to use the tip in normal use.

If already connected, disconnect the coaxial cable from the radio. Connect the coax cable that normally connects to the back of the radio to the SWR meter connector marked "Antenna" or "Ant". Now, connect one end of the jumper cable to the back of the radio and the other end to the SWR meter connection marked "Transmitter" or "Xmit". Your SWR meter is now in series (in-line) with your radio and antenna.



Since you've already read the previous parts of this pamphlet, you should now have your vehicle in an open area, with all doors closed. Turn your radio on and tune to channel one or the lowest channel on your radio. If your radio has side band operation, make sure you are in AM mode before doing SWR tests.



The following assumes that your SWR meter has a standard set of switches, ***** and meters. That is, there will be at least one switch with the marking Forward (FWD) in one position and Reference (REF or SWR) in the other. There will also be a **** or sliding controller marked "Set" or "Adjust". Most meters come with full instructions. If the common configuration does not match your meter you will need to rely on the meters manual for assistance.



With the radio on the lowest channel (1 on CB) and the SWR meters switch in the Forward (FWD) position, depress the transmit switch (key up) located on the microphone. While holding the unit in this transmit mode, adjust the meter needle to the set position using the Set or Adjust **** on the meter. As soon as the needle is in alignment with the corresponding mark on the meter face, flip the switch to the Reference (REF) position. The meter is now showing your SWR on channel one. Note the value and quickly release the microphone switch. Record this reading on your paper to the nearest 1/10th. i.e. 1.8, 2.3, 2.7, 1.4, etc.



Now, switch your radio to the middle channel (19 on CB). Place the meter switch in the Forward (FWD) position, depress the microphone switch and adjust the meter to place the needle on the Set position of the meter face. Once in the set position, place the meter switch in the Reference (REF) position and note the reading. Release the microphone switch and write this value down to the nearest tenth of a point. Note: If your antenna system is closely matched to the radio you may get little or no movement from the meter needle on this channel. This is normal.



Finally, place your radio on the highest number channel (40 on CB). Place the meter switch in the Forward (FWD) position, depress the microphone switch and adjust the meter to place the needle on the Set position of the meter face. Once in the set position, place the meter switch in the Reference (REF) position and note the reading. Release the microphone switch and write this value down to the nearest tenth of a point.



With these three readings, you can determine many things about your system. For instance ...

• If SWR on channels 1, 19 & 40 is below 2.0, your radio can be safely operated on any channel without causing damage to the radio's circuitry.
• If SWR on all channels is above 2.0 but not in the "red zone" (normally over 3.0), you may be experiencing coaxial cable reaction (bad quality, wrong length, etc.), insufficient ground plane, or have an ungrounded antenna mount.
• If SWR is in the "red zone" on all channels, you probably have an electrical short in your coax connectors, or your mounting stud was installed incorrectly and is shorted. DO NOT USE YOUR RADIO UNTIL YOU HAVE FOUND THE PROBLEM.
• If SWR on the lowest channel is higher than it is on the highest channel, your antenna system appears to be electrically short. See the following section title "Adjusting Short Antennas".

ADJUSTING LONG ANTENNAS

If the SWR on channel 40 is greater than that on channel 1, your antenna is considered to be "LONG" and reduction of physical height and/or conductor length will correct this situation. Depending upon antenna model, this entails screwing down the tunable tip or, removing the tip, making short slits in the plastic covering and unwinding and clipping off wire. On most mag mount antennas require loosening the allen screws and lowering the metal whip (Illustration #3).
ADJUSTING SHORT ANTENNAS

If SWR on channel 1 is greater than that on channel 40, your antenna is considered to be "SHORT" and increasing the physical and/or electrical length of the antenna is required to correct this situation. Because we make our antennas extra long, readings which indicate "Short" normally stem from ground plane deficiency (lack of vehicle metal surface for the antenna to reflect its signal rom). This condition is often corrected by adding a spring and/or quick disconnect to increase the physical height.


Ground plane deficiencies can also be compensated for by using dual (co-phased) antennas or special no-ground-plane antenna kits.
Lengthening of fiberglass antennas that have a set screw on the tip is accomplished by turning the tuning screw further out. On basic fiberglass antenna models, it requires tip removal, short slits in the plastic covering and, the separation and upward repositioning of three or more wire turns.


On magnet mount antennas removing a set screw at the base and raising or lowering the steel rod, you may have to snip off some of the rod, do this from the bottom, only cut 1/8 in or less at a time.


NOTE: The shorter the antenna, the more sensitive it is to adjustments. For example, removing two wire turns on a 4 foot antenna might move the SWR by 0.3; the same amount removed from a 2 foot antenna may move the SWR by 1.0. Make smaller adjustments on shorter antennas.
DUAL ANTENNAS

Measurements and determination of short or long conditions are the same as the single antenna procedure. However, when tuning co-phased antennas, if you adjust one antenna, it is advisable to adjust the other in equal amounts to keep them in perfect balance.



On co-phased antennas the use of a co-phased coax set up is required, you must use the 75 ohm pre-made set up. using 50 ohm coax cable with a two way splitter attached to the radio will cause high SWR and could damage your radio. Dual antennas must be at least 1/4 wave length (9 feet) apart in order to operate properly, both antennas must be trimmed at the same amount.

 

We should make this thread a sticky. or add it to the help database.
There is so many ppl with so many threads about CB radio and how to install and adjust the antenna. this thread should be where every one can see it, and ask questions related to CB's.
Limit the amount of topics on CB, we should consolidate the CB discussions to this thread.

 

I agree! This thread helped me understand things a lot better on how to. A way lot better than some other stuff I've read.